Kategorie (Philosophie)
Kategori (filosofi)
Filosofeilla on ollut hyvin erilaisia näkemyksiä siitä, mitä perustavia olevan kategorioita on olemassa. Olevan kategorioina on pidetty esimerkiksi fyysisiä kappaleita, mieliä, ominaisuuksia, relaatioita, aikaa ja avaruutta sekä tapahtumia.
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Categorical distinctionsThe common or dominant ways to view categories as of the end of the 20th century.
Intuition as evasionA seemingly simpler way to view categories is as arising only from intuition. Philosophers argue this evades the issue. What it means to take the category physical object seriously as a category of being is to assert that the concept of physical objecthood cannot be reduced to or explicated in any other terms - not, for example, in terms of bundles of properties but only in terms of other items in that category. In this way, many ontological controversies can be understood as controversies about exactly which categories should be seen as fundamental, irreducible, or primitive. To refer to intuition as the source of distinctions and thus categories doesn't resolve this. Ideology, dogma, theoryModern theories give weight to intuition, perceptually observed properties, comparisons of categories among persons, and the direction of investigation towards known specified ends, to determine what humanity in its present state of being needs to consider irreducible. They seek to explain why certain beliefs about categories would appear in political science as ideology, in religion as dogma, or in science as theory. Categories as metaphorsA set of ontological distinctions related by a single conceptual metaphor was called an ontological metaphor by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who claimed that such metaphors arising from experience were more basic than any properties or symbol-based comparisons. Their cognitive science of mathematics was a study of the embodiment of basic symbols and properties including those studied in the philosophy of mathematics, via embodied philosophy, using cognitive science. This theory comes after several thousand years of inquiry into patterns and cognitive bias of humanity. --> KategoriajärjestelmiäAristoteleen kategoriatAristoteles esitteli teoksessaan Kategoriat seuraavat kymmenen kategoriaa:
Kantin kategoriatImmanuel Kant esitti teoksessaan Puhtaan järjen kritiikki seuraavan järjestelmän:
Muita järjestelmiäCharles S. Peirce, joka oli tutkinut sekä Kantin että Aristoteleen teorioita, esitti kolmen kategorian järjestelmän: ensiys, toiseus ja kolmannuus, jota hän käytti usein myöhemmissä teoksissaan. Edmund Husserlansa kirjoitti laajalti kategoriajärjestelmistä osana fenomenologia.Husserl 1962, 2000 Nykyaikaisia kategoriajärjestelmiä ovat esittäneet Wilfrid Sellars (1974), Reinhardt Grossman (1983), Ingvar Johansson (1989), J. Hoffman ja G. S. Rosenkrantz (1994), Roderick Chisholm (1996), sekä Barry Smith (2003). Gilbert Rylelle (1949) kategoria (erityisesti kategoriavirhe) oli keskeinen semanttinen käsite, mutta sillä on vain vähän yhteyksiä ontologisiin kategorioihin. Viitteet
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